Person Page - 31

     Emily Mavis CLARKE was born in September 1912 in Waimate North, Northland.^2,1
Emily Mavis CLARKE died on 21 February 1914 in Waimate North, Northland, at age 1.^2,1,3 She was buried on 22 February 1914 at the Waimate North Church cemetery in Waimate North.¹

     Frances Anne CLARKE was born in 1884 in New Zealand.²
She married David Dunlop SCOTT in New Zealand in 1913. No issue..^1,3,4
Frances Anne CLARKE died in 1953 in New Zealand.⁵

     Frederick James CLARKE was born on 13 June 1873 in Waimate North, Northland.^2,1,3
He married Lavinia MAYALL in Manchester in 1906.¹
Frederick James CLARKE died on 1 May 1950 in Onehunga at age 76.^2,1,4

     Frederick Samuel CLARKE was born on 18 August 1859 at 'Wymondley' in Otahuhu, Auckland.^2,1,3
He married Margaret Amy Innes TAYLOR in New Zealand in 1895.^1,4,5
Frederick Samuel CLARKE died in February 1938 in British East Africa. (Kenya?) at age 78.^2,1

     George CLARKE was born on 27 January 1798 in Wymondham, Norfolk.^2,3,1 His father William Clarke was a gunsmith and builder, so between the ages of 11 and 20 he learnt carpentry and gunsmithry from his father, while receiving a sound basic education. In 1818 he went to London where he probably worked as a gunsmith before entering the Church Missionary Society training school at Islington. He was not ordained and later served as a catechist and lay missionary.⁴
He married Martha Elizabeth BLOMFIELD in Swanton Morley, Norfolk, on 14 March 1822. By Rev Henry Tacy.^5,1 George and Martha Clarke sailed for New Zealand on 25 April 1822 on the"'Heroine" but, after calling at Hobart, disembarked at Sydney in October to work at an Aboriginal settlement near Parramatta.⁴ In March 1824 Clarke sailed with his wife and eldest son, George, for Kerikeri, New Zealand, aboard the French corvette 'Coquille', which was making a circumnavigation for scientific purposes under the command of Louis Duperrey. Duperrey and the naturalist René Lesson were critical of Clarke's unctuous manner: Duperrey remarked that as a missionary Clarke had adopted a manner at odds with his humble origins. On their arrival at Kerikeri, Duperrey recorded Hongi Hika's cool reception of Clarke on learning that he had come to New Zealand to practise his vocation rather than his trade. Clarke quickly came to like and respect Hongi, although he disapproved of his enthusiasm for war. Lesson was amused when Clarke introduced Hongi to him as a gentleman and was incredulous when Clarke voiced the opinion that within 10 years, by the grace of God, great changes would be made. Clarke's optimism was justified, although it took closer to 15 years and the changes might not have been entirely due to the grace of God.

After his arrival Clarke established a school for Maori children, at which he taught elementary school subjects and useful crafts. For the first year or so he reported that the people he was working with had 'savage, warlike dispositions', possessed a 'thirst for blood', and spoke a 'rude and barbarous' language. A year later he wrote of the peace and security in which his family was living. This contentment persisted for the rest of his life.⁶ After 1828 he tried to persuade his father to come to New Zealand. He sent home substantial sums of money and wrote letters telling of his comfortable circumstances. He also described the progress made by the Maori in reading, writing, mathematics, 'civilisation', and acceptance of the Gospel.⁴ In 1830 and 1831 with William Yate, Richard Davis and James Hamlin he founded the Waimate mission station. From 1831 to 1839 Clarke and Davis managed the CMS model farm at Waimate North and for part of the time Clarke acted as secretary of the CMS committee in New Zealand.⁴
At the request of the new colonial government, and with the encouragement of his missionary colleagues, Clarke reluctantly took up the post of chief protector of aborigines in 1840. In 1838 and 1839, with Henry Williams, he had advocated British intervention in New Zealand. So far as his official position was concerned, he believed 'Nothing will be done affecting the New Zealanders [the Maori] but through me and those who are placed under me'. The reality was different. Clarke came under scrutiny from three separate groups: the government, the settlers, and the Maori people. None accepted Clarke's view of his role, although at first the government, because of its lack of resources and expertise, paid heed to Clarke and used him successfully in intertribal and inter-racial disputes. However, it was soon clear that Clarke was expected on the one hand to protect Maori interests and on the other to act for the government in land sale negotiations.

As a conscientious chief protector, Clarke could not have achieved popularity with the settler community even if his origins had been impeccably middle class. The group which best represented settler opinion, the New Zealand Company, regarded the Treaty of Waitangi as 'a praiseworthy device for amusing and pacifying savages for the moment', and had no patience with Clarke's high-minded approach.

Clarke had no doubt that there were only two options for the Maori people: government protection of rights and property, or oppression and extermination. Early on he correctly predicted trouble at each of the New Zealand Company settlements and sought to forestall it by requesting a larger protectorate staff, comprising men of high moral calibre. As there were few people fluent in both languages - regardless of their morals - Clarke's strategy was clearly doomed to failure.

During his first two years as chief protector Clarke was able to report on the largely peaceful relations between the two races, a result, he said, of the forbearance of the Maori people. However, he had to admit that forbearance was not exercised in disputes between tribes and he attempted to mediate in such conflicts. Inter-racial tension was first violently manifested at Wairau in June 1843 when New Zealand Company representatives and settlers from Nelson tried to forcibly arrest Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata. The settlers were routed and 22 killed; there were at least four Maori killed. Clarke's assessment of the affray has stood the test of time better than most. He judged that the settlers had provoked trouble by their aggressive approach, although his description of the Maori participants as 'inoffensive' might be debated.

Clarke did not always oppose settler interests, just as he did not always support Maori causes. He was unsympathetic to Hone Heke, attributing his disaffection to personal ambition and the agitation of disgruntled white people, particularly Americans. Generally, however, Clarke suspected the motives of settlers and was only too aware of his ambiguous position as a servant of the government and a guardian of Maori welfare. When copies of the 1844 House of Commons report of the select committee on New Zealand arrived in the colony, Clarke was dismayed by its recommendations, which favoured settlers. He rightly foresaw that the substance of the report would soon become known to the Maori people and would exacerbate their growing distrust.⁴ After acting as interpreter in 1844 for John Jones at the sale of land at Wakouaiti, the Rev George Clarke was given a tiki by a Maori chief, which he later gave to Miss C. C. Forsaith on her marriage in 1862 to Mr T. M Macdonald, later the first Crown Prosecutor of Invercargill.⁷ Clarke was to lose office when George Grey became governor. Grey saw that Clarke had little contribution to make to his own policies and ambitions and, moreover, thought he might become popular with settlers if Clarke were dismissed and his personal land purchases challenged. The protectorate was abolished in 1846 and Clarke was offered a position with much less responsibility, which he declined. He returned to Waimate North, where he became a successful farmer and resumed his mission work as secretary of the CMS in New Zealand. However, he was dismissed in 1849 when Grey raised the issue of his land purchases with the parent committee of the CMS. He continued to be involved in public affairs. He was elected to the New Ulster Legislative Council in 1852. When it did not meet, he was elected to the Auckland Provincial Council, on which he served from 1853 to 1855. He was appointed civil commissioner in the Bay of Islands in 1861 and judge of the Native Land Court in 1865. He died at Waimate North on 29 July 1875.

George Clarke was a man of his time in that he believed his race had a civilising mission among the heathen. However, unlike most of his compatriots in New Zealand, he had a genuine sympathy for the Maori people. He was, moreover, idealistic at a time when idealism was in short supply. He has been criticised for his hostility towards settlers. It is true to say that Clarke himself was a settler who bought land at a time when it could be acquired easily and cheaply. Yet in general his intentions were unselfish: the same could not be said of most settlers. His distrust of them was nearly always justified. Clarke possessed intelligence and great practical abilities. His descriptions of Maori landholding are authoritative and cogently expressed. His placid temperament enabled him to get along with others easily. As protector, Clarke made a positive contribution in the early years of European settlement.⁴
George CLARKE died on 29 July 1875 in Waimate North, Northland, at age 77.^8,1,9 He was buried on 1 August 1875 at the Waimate North Church cemetery in Waimate North.^10,11,1

     George CLARKE was born on 29 June 1823 in Parramatta, New South Wales.^2,3,1 After attending school in Van Diemen's Land, George junior received a Classical education from William Williams at Waimate North and Turanga (Gisborne), and was fluent in Maori. In February 1842 he was translator at the trial of Maketu, who was condemned to death for murder. George then became translator for William Spain during the latter's investigation of pre-1840 land purchases and was appointed sub-protector of aborigines in 1842. He was in Wellington at the time of the Wairau affray. Because of his New Zealand upbringing and family connections and because Wellington was the prime New Zealand Company settlement, he became the victim of constant public vilification.

From June to December 1844 George accompanied the New Zealand Company surveying party to Otago as Maori advocate, and prepared the deed which conveyed the land for the future settlement of Dunedin to the New Zealand Company. In 1845 he acted as negotiator and interpreter for the British in the wars against Hone Heke. Although Grey pressed him to remain in government service, he went to live with family friends in Hobart in 1846 and, in 1848, left for England to undergo theological training. In 1851 he returned to Hobart as a Congregational minister.⁴
He married Martha Clarke HOPKINS in Hobart, Tasmania, on 16 January 1853.^2,1 He advocated secular public education and, from 1898 to 1907, was chancellor of the University of Tasmania. In 1903 he published his reminiscences, 'Notes on early life in New Zealand.⁵'
George CLARKE died on 10 March 1913 in Hobart, Tasmania, at age 89.^2,1

     George CLARKE died in Manurewa, Auckland.^2,1 He was born in Waimate North, Northland.^3,1

     George CLARKE was born on 25 November 1896 at 'Lottah' in Hobart, Tasmania.¹
He married Janet Adeline TRAVERS in Hobart, Tasmania, on 31 August 1921.²
George CLARKE died in Hobart, Tasmania.¹

     George Arthur Edward CLARKE was born on 14 February 1865 in Hobart, Tasmania.^2,1
He married Kate RUMNEY on 23 April 1891.³
George Arthur Edward CLARKE died on 29 May 1937 in Hobart, Tasmania, at age 72.^4,5 He was buried on 31 May 1937 at the Cornelian Bay Cemetery in Hobart.⁶ His estate was probated on 17 June 1937 at Hobart, Tasmania.⁷

     George Christopher CLARKE was born on 27 February 1858 at 'Wymondley' in Otahuhu, Auckland.^2,1,3 He was baptised circa 1858.^4,1
He married Elizabeth CONROY in New Zealand in 1905.^1,5,6
George Christopher CLARKE died in August 1935 in Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, at age 77.^2,1